ABSTRACT
A 49-year-old male was involved in an accident and an abdominal computer tomographic examination revealed papillary renal cell carcinoma of the right kidney. During hospitalization, the patient was infected with COVID-19. In the following COVID-19 treatment, a black dot developed on the right side of the head and face. Antifungal therapy and surgical debridement were initiated and gradual improvement was observed.
ABSTRACT
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), appears with a wide spectrum of mild-to-critical clinical complications. Many clinical and experimental findings suggest the role of inflammatory mechanisms in the immunopathology of COVID-19. Hence, cellular and molecular mediators of the immune system can be potential targets for predicting, monitoring, and treating the progressive complications of COVID-19. In this review, we assess the latest cellular and molecular data on the immunopathology of COVID-19 according to the pathological evidence (e.g., mucus and surfactants), dysregulations of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines and chemokines), and impairments of innate and acquired immune system functions (e.g., mononuclear cells, neutrophils and antibodies). Furthermore, we determine the significance of immune biomarkers for predicting, monitoring, and treating the progressive complications of COVID-19. We also discuss the clinical importance of recent immune biomarkers in COVID-19, and at the end of each section, recent clinical trials in immune biomarkers for COVID-19 are mentioned.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers/blood , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/therapy , Immunity, Innate/physiology , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , Biomarkers/analysis , COVID-19/blood , COVID-19/complications , Chemokines/analysis , Chemokines/blood , Cytokine Release Syndrome/diagnosis , Cytokine Release Syndrome/etiology , Cytokine Release Syndrome/therapy , Cytokines/analysis , Cytokines/blood , Humans , Prognosis , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/diagnosis , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/etiology , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy , SARS-CoV-2/physiologyABSTRACT
BackgroundDiagnosis of COVID-19 can be challenging in trauma patients, especially those with chest trauma and lung contusion.MethodsWe present a case series of patients from February and March 2020 who were admitted to our trauma center at Rajaee Hospital Trauma Center, in Shiraz, Iran and had positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test or chest CT scan suggestive of COVID-19 and were admitted to the specific ICU for COVID-19.ResultsEight COVID-19 patients (6 male) with mean age of 40 (SD?=?16.3) years old, were presented. All patients were cases of trauma injuries, with multiple injuries including chest trauma and lung contusion, admitted to our trauma center for management of their injuries, but they were diagnosed with COVID-19 as well. Two of them had coinfection of influenza type-B and SARS-CoV-2. All patients were treated for COVID-19 and three of them died;the rest were discharged from hospital.ConclusionSince PCR for SARS-CoV-2 is not always sensitive enough to confirm the cause of pneumonia, chest CT manifestations can be helpful, though, they are not always differentiable from lung contusion. Therefore, both the CT scan and the clinical and paraclinical presentation and course of improvement can be beneficial in diagnosing COVID-19 in the trauma setting.